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<title>XML-binary Optimized Packaging</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">XML-binary Optimized Packaging</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>XML-binary Optimized Packaging</b> (XOP) is a mechanism defined for the <a href="Serialization" title="Serialization">serialization</a> of <a href="XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">XML Information Sets</a> (<i>infosets</i>) that contain <a href="Binary_data" title="Binary data">binary</a> data, as well as <a href="Deserialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserialization">deserialization</a> back into the XML Information Set.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2></div>

<p>XOP allows the binary data part of an XML Infoset to be serialized without going through the XML serializer. The XML serialization of an XML Infoset is text based, so any binary data will need to be encoded using <a href="Base64" title="Base64">base64</a>. Using XOP avoids this by extracting the binary data out of the XML Infoset so that the XML Infoset does not contain binary data and the binary data can be serialized differently.

</p><p>Therefore, XOP can reduce the size of the serialization (since base64 encoding has approximately a 33% size overhead) and (depending on how it is implemented) might allow processing efficiencies. This size increase results in extra resources needed to transmit or store the data.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs">Costs</h2></div>

<p>XOP introduces another level of processing. Therefore, it introduces extra complexity and processing overheads.

</p><p>The representation of the XOP packages introduces some overhead. These are negligible when the binary data is large, but could be significant if the binary data is small.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2></div>

<p>XOP operates on a single XML Infoset.

</p><p>The binary parts of the original XML infoset are extracted out, leaving an "XOP Infoset" (which is essentially the original XML Infoset with the binary parts replaced by external references). The references in the XOP Infoset are represented using the "xop:Include" element. The XOP Infoset plus the extracted content can be serialized into a representation called the "XOP Package". The XOP Package can be sent or stored.

</p><p>To reconstitute the XML Infoset, the XOP Package is deserialized into the XOP Infoset plus the extracted content, and then the extracted content is put back into the XML Infoset.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="XOP_Packages">XOP Packages</h2></div>

<p>XOP can be used with a number of different packaging mechanisms. A packaging mechanism defines how the XOP Infoset and the binary chunks are represented.

</p><p>The XOP specification defines how <a href="MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> can be used as a packaging mechanism. When used with MIME, the XOP Infoset is represented as XML in the root MIME part, and the binary chunks are represented in the other MIME parts. Those other MIME parts can be serialized as binary data, avoiding the need to base64 encode them if they were left inside the XML Infoset.

</p><p>XOP does not mandate the use of the MIME packaging mechanism, so other packaging mechanisms could be used.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_SOAP_Web_services">Usage in SOAP Web services</h2></div>

<p>The MIME packaging mechanism is the most widely used, since XOP is usually used to represent <a href="SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a> messages with <a href="Message_Transmission_Optimization_Mechanism" title="Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism">MTOM</a>.

</p><p>For example:

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .pre-borderless{border:none}

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</style><pre class="pre"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-email mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nt">MIME-Version:</span><span class="w"> </span>1.0

<span class="nt">Content-Type:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">Multipart/Related</span>;<span class="na">boundary</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">MIME_boundary</span>;

<span class="err">--MIME_boundary</span>

<span class="nt">Content-Type:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">application</span><span class="dl">/</span><span class="nl">xop</span><span class="err">+xml</span>;

</pre></div>...

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nt"><soap:Envelope></span><span class="w"> </span>...

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><soap:Body></span><span class="w"> </span>...

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><m:photo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlmime:contentType=</span><span class="s">"image/png"</span><span class="nt">></span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><xop:Include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:xop=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/2004/08/xop/include"</span><span class="w"> </span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="na">href=</span><span class="s">"cid:http://example.org/me.png"</span><span class="nt">/></m:photo></span>

</pre></div>...

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-email mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="err">--MIME_boundary</span>

<span class="nt">Content-Type:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">image</span><span class="dl">/</span><span class="nl">png</span>

<span class="nt">Content-Transfer-Encoding:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">binary</span>

<span class="nt">Content-ID:</span><span class="w"> </span><http://<span class="nf">example.org</span>/<span class="nf">me.png</span>>

</pre></div>// binary octets for png</pre>

<ul><li><a href="Message_Transmission_Optimization_Mechanism" title="Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism">MTOM</a> (Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddj.com/dept/webservices/184406347">XML-Binary Optimized Packaging</a> (article from Dr Dobbs)</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xop10/">W3C's XML-binary Optimized Packaging</a> W3C Recommendation</li></ul>

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</style><div id="World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products,<br>standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium#W3C_recommendation_(REC)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Recommendations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li>

<li><a href="Activity_Streams_(format)" title="Activity Streams (format)">Activity Streams</a></li>

<li><a href="Canonical_XML" title="Canonical XML">Canonical XML</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">Animations</a></li>

<li><a href="Flexbox" title="Flexbox">Flexbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_Markup_Language" title="Emotion Markup Language">EmotionML</a></li>

<li><a href="W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation API</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li>

<li><a href="Linked_Data_Notifications" title="Linked Data Notifications">Linked Data Notifications</a></li>

<li><a href="MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a></li>

<li><a href="Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">Schema</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="SVG_filter_effects" title="SVG filter effects">Filter Effects</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="SCXML" title="SCXML">SCXML</a></li>

<li><a href="SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li>

<li><a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Timed_text" title="Timed text">Timed text</a></li>

<li><a href="VoiceXML" title="VoiceXML">VoiceXML</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Webmention" title="Webmention">Webmention</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSub" title="WebSub">WebSub</a></li>

<li><a href="WebVTT" title="WebVTT">WebVTT</a></li>

<li><a href="XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>

<li><a href="XML_Encryption" title="XML Encryption">Encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Events" title="XML Events">Events</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">Information Set</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">Namespace</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">Schema</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Signature" title="XML Signature">Signature</a></li>

<li><a href="XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a></li>

<li><a href="XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a></li>

<li><a href="XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a></li>

<li><a href="XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a>

<li><a href="XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a></li>

<li><a href="XProc" title="XProc">XProc</a></li>

<li><a href="XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="XSLT_elements" title="XSLT elements">elements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IndieAuth" title="IndieAuth">IndieAuth</a></li>

<li><a href="XAdES" title="XAdES">XAdES</a></li>

<li><a href="XHTML%2BSMIL" title="XHTML+SMIL">XHTML+SMIL</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium#Working_draft_(WD)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Working drafts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Call_Control_eXtensible_Markup_Language" title="Call Control eXtensible Markup Language">CCXML</a></li>

<li><a href="CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li>

<li><a href="InkML" title="InkML">InkML</a></li>

<li><a href="SMIL_Timesheets" title="SMIL Timesheets">SMIL Timesheets</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li>

<li><a href="WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li>

<li><a href="XFrames" title="XFrames">XFrames</a></li>

<li><a href="XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Markup Validation Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Components" title="Web Components">Web Components</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="WebPlatform.org" title="WebPlatform.org">WebPlatform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsoleted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="XHTML%2BMathML%2BSVG" title="XHTML+MathML+SVG">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups,<br>organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li>

<li>Defunct: <a href="World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Board</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Authentication_Working_Group" title="Web Authentication Working Group">WebAuthn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community, business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Improving_Web_Advertising_Business_Group" title="Improving Web Advertising Business Group">Web Advertising BG</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> CG</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="W3C_Device_Description_Working_Group" title="W3C Device Description Working Group">Device Description</a> (DDWG)</li>

<li><a href="W3C_MMI" title="W3C MMI">Multimodal Interaction Activity</a> (MMI)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a></li>

<li><a href="Libwww" title="Libwww">Libwww</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">Browsers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a> (1993–98)</li>

<li><a href="Agora_(web_browser)" title="Agora (web browser)">Agora</a> (1994–97)</li>

<li><a href="Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a> (browser/editor, 1996–2012)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Web_Conference" title="The Web Conference">International World Wide Web Conference</a> (IW3C)

<ul><li><a href="International_World_Wide_Web_Conference_Committee" title="International World Wide Web Conference Committee">Steering Committee</a> (IW3C2)</li>

<li><a href="First_International_Conference_on_the_World-Wide_Web" title="First International Conference on the World-Wide Web">First conference</a> ("WWW1", 1994)</li></ul></li></ul>

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